If you’ve ever reviewed a lumber quote and wondered why it’s sold in board feet instead of square feet or lineal feet, you’re not alone. Builders, architects, and homeowners ask us this all the time.

A board foot can feel old-fashioned at first, but it’s still the fairest way to measure lumber when products come in many different thicknesses, widths, lengths, and profiles.

For anyone designing, estimating, or buying wood products, the real value is simple: you want to know your required square footage, lineal footage, or piece count will be covered properly and the board footage was quoted fairly and accurately.

Key Takeaways: The Quick Summary

What is a Board Foot? It is a measurement of wood volume equaling exactly 144 cubic inches, rather than just length (lineal foot) or surface area (square foot).

Nominal vs. Actual Dimensions: Board footage is always calculated using the nominal (starting) dimensions of the wood, not the final milled size.

Face Loss Multiplier: Profiled products (like shiplap or tongue & groove) require more nominal material because coverage is reduced by laps, grooves, and reveals.

Overage: Additional material (typically ~15%) is included to account for cuts, waste, and real-world installation conditions

The MTP Difference: You don’t need to do the math. Just provide your required square or lineal footage, and Montana Timber Products will calculate the exact board footage, yield, and overage to ensure your project is fully covered.

How to Calculate a Board Foot?

A board foot is a unit of measurement used to represent the volume of lumber. One board foot equals exactly 144 cubic inches. The easiest way to visualize this is the volume of a board that is 1 inch thick, 12 inches wide, and 12 inches long (1″ x 12″ x 12″, nominal dimensions).

The Most Important Distinction: Nominal vs. Actual Dimensions

This is one of the most misunderstood parts of lumber estimating. Board footage is calculated using nominal dimensions, not finished dimensions.

Nominal dimensions refer to the board’s size before it is milled into its final profile. For example:

• A 2×6 is priced and measured as 2″ x 6″ nominal.
• Its finished actual size may be closer to 1.5″ x 5.5″.

That finished size matters for specifications and installation, but board footage is always based on the original nominal starting size.

Why Board Feet Is Still Relevant Today?

Board feet became the standard because lumber comes in many sizes and forms. A single unit of volume allows mills, suppliers, builders, and owners to speak the same language.

Modern projects often include a mix of:

• Profiled siding
• Timber components
• Decking
• Trim boards

These products vary in thickness, width, length, profile yield, species, and grade. A board foot gives everyone a common baseline: how much nominal wood is actually in the product. That makes it the equalizer across a vast offering of dimensions and profiles.

Why Do We Sell in Board Feet Instead of Lineal Feet?

Lineal footage only measures length (1 lineal foot = 12 inches of length). It completely ignores width and thickness.

Calculating Board Feet from Lineal Footage

If you’re working with lineal footage (the length of a board in feet), the calculation to find board feet depends on the width and thickness of the board.

For example, for a 6-foot-long board commonly specified as a nominal 1×6, it is treated as 1 inch thick by 6 inches wide: (6 × 1 × 6) ÷ 12 = 3 board feet. (Note: The actual net size of this board would standardly be 3/4″ thick by 5.5″ wide, but board foot calculations always use the nominal sizes).

Why Not Square Footage?

Square footage only measures surface coverage: Length × Width. That works perfectly for flooring, roofing, drywall, or paint coverage, but it does not account for changes in thickness.

Calculating Board Feet from Square Footage

When calculating from square footage, you’ll often see square foot (sq. ft.) pricing, especially with siding or paneling. To convert square footage into board feet, you simply multiply the square footage by the nominal thickness of the material.

For example, if you’re working with 2-inch thick material that covers 100 sq. ft., you would calculate: 100 sq. ft. × 2 = 200 board feet

This shows that the thicker the material, the more board feet required to cover the same square footage.

How Profiled Products Affect Board Footage

For rough-sawn, square-edge material, square footage can convert fairly directly using nominal thickness. But for profiled products like shiplap, channel rustic, tex gap, or tongue & groove, additional calculation is required.

That’s because the visible face of the installed board is often smaller than the board’s nominal starting size.

The Face Loss Multiplier

A face loss multiplier adjusts for the difference between the board’s nominal width and the board’s net visible face after profiling and installation.

Example: 1×6 Shiplap If a 1×6 profile has a 4.75″ net face:

• 6.00 ÷ 4.75 = 1.26 Multiplier

That means more nominal board footage is required to cover the finished wall area.

Board Foot vs. Square Foot vs. Lineal Foot

What We Want You to Take Away

You don’t need to do the math. That’s our job.

Most customers think in square feet, lineal feet, or piece counts. Our job is to convert those quantities into the correct board footage required for the project and show both the usable quantity (SF/LF) and calculated BF on your quote.

We also account for important real-world factors such as profile loss, yield, and overage so the quoted quantity is built to complete the job.

You don’t need to master board foot formulas. You just need confidence that:

• Your project quantities are properly covered.
• The board footage was calculated fairly and accurately.
• Profile loss, yield, and overage were considered.
• You can compare quotes with confidence.
• You understand exactly what the quote represents.

A Better Way to Read Your Quote

When you receive a proposal from Montana Timber Products, look for four things:

1. The usable quantity — square feet, lineal feet, or pieces.
2. The product selected — species/grade and profile.
3. The calculated board footage — the lumber volume required to supply it.
4. The assumptions included — yield and overage.

That gives you full visibility into exactly how the number was built.

Need Help Estimating Your Project?

At Montana Timber Products, we help homeowners, contractors, and design professionals turn plans into accurate material packages every day.

Whether you have square footage, lineal footage, blueprints, or just an idea—we can help translate it into the right lumber order. We also provide takeoff and quotation support as a courtesy so you can validate scope, pricing, and quantities with confidence.

Contact us today for takeoff support, pricing, or product guidance.

Photographer: Kirk Hostetter
Architecture & Landscaping: RRA Architecture
Project Case Study

How does our thermally modified wood perform? We wanted proof.

When selecting exterior siding, cladding, or architectural accents, species selection plays a critical role in overall project performance. Factors such as grain pattern, aesthetic character, durability, and long-term dimensional stability all influence how a material performs in exterior environments. For certain wood species, thermal modification is a process that can enhance key performance characteristics—including resistance to moisture, biological decay, and dimensional movement—without the use of chemical preservatives.

To provide transparent, data-backed insight into how thermally modified wood performs, Montana Timber Product’s samples of thermally modified Southern Yellow Pine and Western Hemlock were evaluated through independent laboratory testing by the LSU AgCenter Wood Durability Laboratory.

The results (Report #WDL-2025-03b) demonstrates how the thermal modification process enhances the baseline characteristics of these specific species without the use of chemical preservatives.

Here is a breakdown of the data, verified by ASTM and AWPA standards.

PILLAR ONE

Rot and Insect Resistance – Testing Thermally Modified Pine & Hemlock

Fungi and insects are common considerations for any exterior wood application. The LSU AgCenter testing utilized standardized methods to evaluate how the thermal modification process alters the wood’s performance in these areas.

Fungal Decay & Rot Resistance in Thermally Modified Wood (AWPA E10)

Fungi require moisture and wood sugars to thrive. The thermal modification process alters these natural sugars, making the wood less susceptible to rot.

During the 12-week fungal decay test, the unmodified pine samples experienced a 55% weight loss. In contrast, the thermally modified samples demonstrated minimal weight loss.

The Data:

• Unmodified Southern Yellow Pine: 55% weight loss
• Thermally Modified Southern Yellow Pine: 5% weight loss
• Thermally Modified Western Hemlock: 2% weight loss

The Takeaway: Thermal modification achieved up to a ~95% reduction in fungal decay compared to unmodified Southern Yellow Pine, providing enhanced resistance to brown and white rot fungi.

Termite Resistance of Thermally Modified Southern Yellow Pine (AWPA E1)

Because thermal modification alters the nutritional content of the wood, it can affect termite feeding behavior. In laboratory “no-choice” tests, the modified wood showed improved resistance, particularly in Southern Yellow Pine.

• Unmodified Southern Yellow Pine: 83.94% weight loss
• Thermally Modified Southern Yellow Pine: 21.24% weight loss

The Takeaway: The thermal modification process resulted in a ~75% reduction in weight loss for Southern Yellow Pine compared to its unmodified counterpart. (Note: Performance in termite exposure is species-dependent; modified Western Hemlock performs at standard levels, making it best suited for elevated, vertical cladding applications where ground contact is avoided).

PILLAR TWO

Moisture & Dimensional Stability of Thermally Modified Siding

True exterior performance goes beyond rot and insect resistance. To ensure long-term success, the wood must also remain stable and strong through years of shifting weather and seasonal moisture.

Dimensional Stability: Reducing Moisture Uptake and Shrinkage

Wood naturally absorbs and releases moisture depending on the environment. The thermal modification process lowers the equilibrium moisture content of SYP and Hemlock, meaning these specific species take on less water than they would in their unmodified state.

The Takeaway: The test data indicates reduced radial and tangential shrinkage for these modified species. This lower equilibrium moisture content helps the wood maintain its shape and minimizes seasonal movement once installed.

PILLAR THREE

Structural Integrity & Bending Strength (ASTM D143)

A common question regarding modified wood is how the heating process impacts its structural strength. Testing for Bending Strength (MOR) and Stiffness (MOE) showed that the thermally modified wood performs comparably to unmodified SYP and Hemlock.

The Takeaway: Thermal modification did not significantly reduce the wood’s bending modulus or strength. It maintains the necessary structural integrity required for standard exterior cladding and siding applications.

Summary: Testing Establishes Proven Performance for Thermally Modified SYP & Hemlock Siding

The independent LSU AgCenter testing results confirm that thermally modified Southern Yellow Pine and Western Hemlock provide a reliable, high-performance alternative to chemically treated lumber.

By choosing these modified species for your next project, you are selecting a natural product that offers:

• Enhanced resistance to fungal decay compared to unmodified SYP/Hemlock.
• Improved termite resistance in Southern Yellow Pine.
• Reduced moisture uptake and dimensional movement.
• Maintained bending strength and stiffness.

Download the Full LSU Laboratory Report (PDF)

Request a Thermally Modified Sample Kit

Illustrations generated with AI (Google Gemini) based on LSU AgCenter test data.

Cozy Minimalism Designed with ranchwood™ and Charwood™

If you follow Jordyn Smith, the creator behind the popular Amazon shopping and lifestyle brand Our PNW Home, you already know her signature aesthetic. Follow her instagram, it’s a masterclass in cozy, minimalist design of beiges, creams, and whites paired with light natural woods and the occasional black accent. When it came time to translate this clean, inviting look to her family’s new lake cabin in Coolin, Idaho, Jordyn partnered with the NW architecture firm SOK Design Studio to create a custom retreat that perfectly aligned with her vision.

We had the joy of watching her material decision-making process unfold on Instagram, and we couldn’t be more thrilled with the results. By selecting our ranchwood™ Yellowstone to capture that warm, natural wood essence and contrasting it with Charwood™ Midnight for her signature dark accents, Jordyn created a beautiful PNW sanctuary. Today, the build serves as both a family getaway and the ideal textural backdrop for her brand’s daily lifestyle and product highlights.

PROJECT DETAILS

Location: Coolin, Idaho

Architecture: SOK Design Studio

Builder: Winterhawk Construction

Product Lines: ranchwood™ & Charwood™

PRODUCTS & APPLICATIONS

The Material Palette: ranchwood™ Yellowstone and Charwood™ Midnight

To bring the “Our PNW Home” aesthetic to life, the project utilized a mix of Douglas Fir and Western Red Cedar (WRC) across a variety of profiles.

DESIGN HIGHLIGHTS

Exterior Architecture Grounded in Midnight, Floating in Yellowstone

The visual success of this cabin exterior lies in the high-contrast, architectural pairing of two distinct Montana Timber Products lines. To physically ground the design, Charwood™ Midnight was used for the horizontal siding across the lower level and the sleek fascia boards. This deep, rich black tone anchors the home to the site. In striking contrast, the entire upper level, the garage doors, and the massive roof overhangs are clad in ranchwood™ Yellowstone. This warm, bright vertical siding draws the eye upward, making the modern, cantilevered upper floor almost appear to float against the forest backdrop.

A Grand Entryway with Pivot Door Company

A standout feature of the exterior is the gorgeous custom door from Pivot Door Company. Featuring a striking matte black handle, the wood door perfectly matches our ranchwood™ Yellowstone finish. It sits flawlessly within the contrasting Charwood™ Midnight horizontal siding. As Jordyn notes, the pivot door “makes even our modest cabin entryway feel expansive,” adding that, “It’s luxury you can feel every time we come home.”

Interior Harmony and High Contrast

The interior perfectly executes her signature light, warm aesthetic. The ranchwood™ Yellowstone ceilings stretch across the open-concept kitchen, bringing an incredible organic warmth from above. This wood tone perfectly complements the light oak kitchen island and the treads of the stunning spiral staircase. To ground the airy space and maintain her high-contrast look, she incorporated striking black accents, most notably in the sleek metal staircase railing and the bold black oven range set against a creamy stone backsplash.

Seamless Indoor-Outdoor Living

A true hallmark of modern Pacific Northwest design is blurring the lines between the exterior and interior. By carrying the exact same wire-brushed ranchwood™ Yellowstone finish from the dramatic exterior soffits right into the interior ceilings, the home achieves a continuous visual flow that draws the eye outward to the beautiful lake surroundings.

The Ultimate Influencer Backdrop

Jordyn is a master seasonal stylist and designer for her product spotlights. For an Amazon shopping influencer, the home is more than just a residence; it is a working studio. The natural, non-reflective matte finishes of our prefinished wood provide the perfect, glare-free background for her aesthetic. Whether she is styling the kitchen island for the holidays or highlighting daily lifestyle finds, our wood tones elevate her content while staying perfectly true to her established brand identity.

The Results: A Serene Backdrop for Seasonal Styling

Designed by SOK Design Studio and built expertly by Winterhawk Construction, the Smith Retreat demonstrates how specific, intentional material choices can bring a very distinct personal brand to life.

By trusting the process and selecting the perfect balance of ranchwood™ Yellowstone and Charwood™ Midnight, Jordyn Smith has created a lake cabin that is both a serene family hideaway and a stunning architectural set for “Our PNW Home”. We are honored to be the backdrop to her beautiful content.

Exterior Gallery

Interior Gallery

Stone & Cedar Harmony: A Pennsylvania Modern Craftsman

Perched on a Bluff Overlooking the Susquehanna River Defining the western border of Lancaster County, the Susquehanna River is a storied natural landmark. Perched on a bluff overlooking this recreational treasure sits a stunning new family home that reflects the dramatic, steep-banked beauty of the riverlands that bridge the gap between the region’s rugged rocky outcrops and refined modern living.

Professionally installed by S&M Siding Roofing & Siding, this Washington Boro, PA residence captures a Modern Craftsman aesthetic, blending natural stone wainscoting with the warmth of genuine Western Red Cedar. The design utilizes Montana Timber Products’ ranchwood™ Artisan collection to create a multi-textured facade that feels perfectly at home against the river valley backdrop.

PROJECT DETAILS

Location: Washington Boro, Pennsylvania

Contractor: S&M Siding Roofing & Siding

Product Line: ranchwood™ Artisan

Species: Western Red Cedar, Select Tight Knot (STK)

Photographer: Ben Sauder

PRODUCTS & APPLICATIONS

The project utilizes a sophisticated two-tone palette from the ranchwood™ Artisan series, featuring “Homestead” for the primary siding and “Dusk” for the trim and accents to create intentional depth and contrast.

DESIGN HIGHLIGHTS

Material Harmony: Stone paired with Artisan Homestead and Dusk

A defining feature of this Modern Craftsman exterior is the interplay between masonry and timber. The natural stone isn’t relegated to just the foundation; it features prominently at the entrance, protective wainscoting, and with two full-length chimneys. This vertical stone element dramatically anchors the home’s riverfront elevation, creating a powerful visual connection between the earth and the roofline.

Cedar Siding with Textural Depth: The “Raked” Look

To add character to the facade, the homeowners selected a Raked texture for all Cedar siding components. This distinct milling process creates a dimensional surface that catches the sunlight and emphasizes the natural grain of the Western Red Cedar, enhancing the home’s rustic appeal without sacrificing its clean, modern lines.

Strategic Dormer Details, the upper-level dormers are clad in 1×6 and 1×8 Ship Lap siding finished in the lighter Homestead color. This choice draws the eye upward, breaking up the home’s massing and providing a bright contrast against the dark metal roof and window trim.

Envelope Design Requirements -> Eco-Friendly Performance

Located on an exposed river bluff, the home must withstand wind, moisture, and intense sun. The siding is pre-finished with Seal-Once, a non-toxic, low-VOC waterproofer. It penetrates deep into the wood to protect against water ingress and UV damage while remaining safe for the family and the sensitive river ecosystem.

THE RESULTS

This Pennsylvania family residence is a testament to the versatility of Western Red Cedar in Modern Craftsman design. By pairing the earthy, weathered tones of ranchwood™ Artisan Homestead, S&M Siding Roofing & Siding helped create a family’s dream home that feels both grand and grounded perched high above the Susquehanna River. 

Whether viewed from the driveway or the river below, the home stands as a beautiful addition to the Lancaster County landscape—a durable, natural retreat designed to last for generations.

GALLERY

Restain Commercial Project Case Study
Zoo in Lafayette, Indiana USA

This commercial project highlight focuses on the commercial wood siding maintenance and stain reapplication at the Columbian Park Zoo penguin exhibit in Lafayette, Indiana. Installed in 2019, the project features Montana Timber Products siding that has been exposed to the elements for seven years.

We recently reviewed the results of a stain reapplication to demonstrate how the finish performs over time and to outline the specific protocols for maintaining commercial wood siding in sensitive environments.

Safe for the Penguins ? (and Future Primate Exhibit)

When working in sensitive environments like a zoo, safety is our top priority. We are pleased to note that the Columbian Park Zoo is currently expanding to include a new primate exhibit (details to come), utilizing Montana Timber Products materials to ensure a consistent and safe aesthetic throughout the park.

As standard with all our products, these exhibits are protected by SEAL ONCE, a high-performance water-based stain and sealant. Unlike traditional oil-based or acrylic stains, this non-toxic wood finish does not create a film and does not flake. This is a critical distinction for animal safety, as flaking paint or stain can pose ingestion hazards. The ultra-low VOC formula ensures a safe environment for the penguins currently inhabiting the space and the primates arriving soon.

The Role of Installation

The siding used, 1×8″ Cedar Shiplap, Aquafir™ Charcoal with a Wire Brush texture. The wood has performed exceptionally well over the last seven years.

As noted in our technical documentation, water will find any spot left unsealed. The longevity of this exhibit suggests the original installers followed the critical “End Cut” protocol sealing every cut edge during installation to prevent the wood from absorbing water like a sponge.

The Reapplication Strategy: Touch-Up vs. Full Coat

The Columbian Park Zoo engaged a professional contractor for this maintenance. It is important to distinguish between a touch-up and a full reapplication, as the techniques yield different visual results.

1. General Best Practices (Touch-Ups) For minor repairs or touch-ups, our internal guidelines emphasize “finesse.” Because the stain is water-based and tints sink to the bottom, the can must be stirred frequently. When touching up a scratch or nail hole, we advise blending the stain lightly to avoid creating a dark, saturated spot that stands out against the weathered wood.

2. The Strategy for This Exhibit (Full Recoat) For this project, the goal was not to blend, but to revitalize the aesthetic with high contrast against the exhibit’s driftwood log enclosure.

• The Approach: The contractor applied the Aquafir™ Charcoal stain without dilution.
• The Result: Because textured surfaces (like Wire Brush) may absorb the color pigment more, and the stain was applied at full strength, the result is darker and more saturated than the original installation.

While standard maintenance often involves diluting stain to match a weathered patina, this project utilized the reapplication to intentionally deepen the Charcoal tone, providing a bold, fresh look.

The 7-Year Reveal: Revitalizing Weathered Cedar Siding

After seven years, the Cedar siding was ready for a refresh. Since SEAL ONCE penetrates the wood rather than forming a surface film, the reapplication process was straightforward—no stripping or sanding was required.

The Cedar remains structurally sound, and the fresh coat has successfully updated the visual profile of the exhibit while continuing to protect the substrate.

Before & After Gallery
Columbian Park Zoo

Before AquaFir™ Charcoal

Updated AquaFir™ restain

AquaFir™ Charcoal, 7 year patina exposed high pedestrian traffic

Commercial Walkway using AquaFir™ Siding

7 year Patina on AquaFir™

saturated reStain on AquaFir™

AquaFir™ Charcoal, 7 year Patina on WRC

Zoo pedestrian traffic Penguin Exhibit

Will update with sun orientation details once confirmed. Reach out to your local rep for any technical maintenance questions with Montana Timber Products. Contact Us

Achieving a timeless log cabin aesthetic with prefinished ranchwood™ Western

Snow piles softly against the heavy timber beams, warm amber light glows from the frosted windows, and hand-crafted wood textures stand out in sharp relief against a blanket of white.

This stunning mountain estate in Taos Ski Valley, New Mexico, doesn’t just survive the winter—it embraces it. Designed and built by Magee Design Works, the home becomes especially magical at Christmas, where Montana Timber Products’ ranchwood™ Western creates a warm, grounded presence in the high-alpine landscape. It is the quintessential holiday cabin: rugged on the outside, inviting on the inside, and timeless in every detail.

PROJECT DETAILS

Location: Taos Ski Valley, New Mexico
Design + Build: Magee Design Works

PRODUCTS & APPLICATIONS

All materials are kiln-dried, prefinished, and arrive ready for installation.

DESIGN HIGHLIGHTS

Chinking Wood Siding for a Holiday Cabin Aesthetic

The defining feature of this home’s exterior is the traditional “log cabin” look achieved with modern materials. By installing 2×12 Hand Hewn Douglas Fir siding with wide spacing, the builder was able to apply chinking a flexible, textured sealant—between the boards. This technique replicates the historic method of sealing log homes against the cold, creating distinct horizontal lines that look striking when capped with snow. The chinking contrasts beautifully with the brown ranchwood™ Western tones, giving the home that classic “gingerbread house” charm that feels synonymous with a holiday cabin in the snow.

Structural Expression: Trusses & Texture

The home’s entrance features massive live edge timber trusses that pair incredibly well with the siding selection, creating a dialogue between structure and skin. Montana Timber Products offers a Hand Hewn siding texture, the adze-marked surface catches the low winter sun, creating deep shadows and highlights. This is perfectly balanced by the Circle Sawn textured vertical accents, which add a layer of rustic history and break up the facade with authentic saw-mark textures.

Built for Mountain Winters, Beauty in Taos must be matched by resilience. Combined with expert installation, our prefinished Douglas Fir and Western Red Cedar components are engineered to withstand extreme freeze–thaw cycles, high-altitude UV exposure, and heavy snowfall, ensuring this home looks as good in its tenth winter as it does in its first.

Interior Continuity & “Cozy Critters”

The holiday warmth extends indoors, where the ranchwood™ Western palette continues onto the ceilings and walls. The Wire Brushed Douglas Fir creates a soft, uniform interior tone that reflects the glow of a fireplace and Christmas tree. Designed for family gatherings, the layout includes a charming bunk room tailored for the holidays. With two custom built-in bunk rooms, it’s the perfect hideaway to sleep the cozy critters after a long day on the slopes.

Taos Cabin Gallery

THE RESULT

This Taos residence demonstrates how ranchwood™ in Western brings refined character and reliable performance to extreme alpine environments.

From the rugged chinking wood siding that guards against the cold to the warm, wire-brushed bunk room that shelters the family within, the home achieves a cohesive mountain-rustic aesthetic. It is a space that shines brightest in winter—where natural wood tones, dramatic textures, and precise craftsmanship come together to create a retreat built for making Christmas memories.

Featuring Thermally Modified Hemlock Siding & CVG Cedar Interior

This renovated Bellevue, Washington home proves that even a 1960s split-level can be reborn. Originally described by RRA Architecture as “dark, disjointed, and inefficient,” the home was completely reimagined by the architects and RW Anderson Construction. The project features Montana Timber Products’ ranchwood™ Artisan and AquaFir™ lines, which were key in the remodel to creating a bright, open, and inviting space.

PROJECT DETAILS

Location: Bellevue, Washington
Design: RRA Architecture
Build: RW Anderson Construction
Photographer: Kirk Hostetter

PRODUCTS & APPLICATIONS

DESIGN HIGHLIGHTS

Wood Balances Out Cool-Tone Modern Materials

The architect’s goal for the exterior was a “subtle, ‘low-contrast’ palette that allows the home to blend with its lush, wooded setting.” The neutral tone of the ranchwood Artisan Ash siding achieves this vision perfectly. The hemlock and cedar provide a natural counterpoint to other modern materials used on the exterior, like formed concrete and rusted metal accents, creating a sophisticated and balanced facade.

1×6 Tex-Gap Thermally Modified Hemlock Siding

The horizontal orientation of the 1×6 Tex-Gap siding dramatically emphasizes the home’s new, modern proportions, giving it a clean and contemporary profile. But the material is far from flat; the RW Artisan’s raked texture on the thermal hemlock catches the Pacific Northwest light beautifully throughout the day. This subtle variation adds a layer of quiet depth and visual interest that animates the entire exterior.

Exterior Gallery

Seamless Indoor-Outdoor CVG Cedar

A key feature of this renovation is the cohesive flow between the interior and exterior spaces. The design achieves this by using the same CVG Cedar with an AquaFir Clear Coat for both the interior ceilings and the expansive outdoor patio enclosure. This continuous use of material blurs the lines between inside and out, creating a seamless transition and a unified material experience that highlights the natural beauty of the cedar paneling.

Brightened Interior – Wood Paneled Ceilings Frame Skylights

Inside, the home is flooded with beautiful natural light from generous, strategically placed skylights. The design uses the CVG Cedar paneling to frame these skylights, a choice that pays off dramatically. The incoming light activates the wood, pulling out the rich, warm tones and natural depth of the cedar and enhancing the feeling of being connected to the outdoors.

INTERIOR GALLERY

THE RESULT

A Beautiful Material Update to Split-Level

The use of ranchwood Artisan Ash siding and AquaFir clear coat interior ceiling was essential in transforming this split-level with lasting performance. The Thermal Hemlock siding and Cedar soffit showcase natural wood tones that not only age gracefully but also fulfill the design vision of a home connected to its wooded environment, both inside and out.

This project demonstrates how thoughtful use of prefinished wood can elevate everyday architecture through quality materials, refined texture, and precise detailing.

Contact Us to Learn more about our ranchwood Artisan and AquaFir Product Lines

Wildfires are an increasing threat to homes and properties, especially in vulnerable regions. Protecting your home from this devastating force of nature is a wise investment and a crucial safety measure.

With fire hardening and home hardening techniques, you can significantly reduce the risk of your home catching fire during a wildfire.

Below, we will guide you through the process of hardening your home, creating a fire-resistant landscape, and complying with standard practices to ensure maximum protection.

Key Takeaways

• Understand and assess the wildfire risk for your home
• Implement fire prevention measures such as creating defensible space zones, using fire-resistant building materials, protecting vulnerable features & ensuring emergency vehicle access
• Comply with local building codes to ensure adequate protection from wildfires

Understanding Fire Hardening and Home Hardening

Fire hardening your home is a process designed to reduce ignition risk and make a home more resistant to radiant heat and direct flame contact from wildfires. It serves a critical role in defending homes against wildfires and adheres to the National Fire Protection Association guidelines.

The steps involved in hardening a home include:

1. Assessing the wildfire risk
2. Creating a fire-resistant landscape
3. Selecting fire-resistant building materials
4. Protecting vulnerable home features
5. Ensuring accessibility for emergency vehicles
6. Planning for water supply and firefighting equipment
7. Complying with relevant building codes and standards

Homeowners looking to get started can use resources like the Fire Adapted Communities Learning Network, the Fire Adapted Communities Self-Assessment Tool (FAC SAT), and FAC Net. These offer guidance on correctly storing and handling combustible and flammable liquids.

Assessing Wildfire Risk for Your Home or Business

Assessing your home or business’ wildfire risk begins with examining the Immediate Zone, which extends 0-5 feet from your residence.

In this zone, flammable materials should be minimized to reduce the risk of ignition. To increase your home’s wildfire resistance in the Immediate Zone, use ignition-resistant siding, roofs, decks, attic vents, eaves, and windows, and remove flammable vegetation.

In the Intermediate Zone, careful landscaping can be employed to reduce the continuity of fuels and impede the spread of fire. For example, removing branches that overhang the structure is a critical step to help ensure your home doesn’t catch fire.

In the Extended Zone, trees and vegetation should be spaced and pruned to reduce the size of flames, keep them closer to the ground, and interrupt the fire’s path. For safety reasons, combustible materials should not be stored on or under decks in the Immediate Zone, as flying embers can easily ignite them during a wildfire.

Creating a Fire-Resistant Landscape

Reducing wildfire risk involves:

• Establishing defensible space zones around your home
• Creating fuel breaks
• Maintaining trees to minimize the chances of your home catching fire during a wildfire.

The following sections provide a detailed exploration of defensible space zones, fuel breaks, and tree maintenance.

Defensible Space Zones

Defensible space zones are areas surrounding a dwelling and its surrounding property cleared of combustible materials and vegetation to create a separation between the home and potential fuel sources. According to the Colorado State Forest Service, there are three home ignition zones:

1. Zone 1: which extends up to 5 feet from the home
2. Zone 2: which extends from the outer edge of Zone 1 to 30 feet from the home
3. Zone 3: aims to decrease the concentration of combustible vegetation and create an environment that restricts the advancement of fire.

The objective of interrupting the fire’s progression in Zone 2 is to contain the flames and ensure they remain on the ground. To achieve this, the following measures should be taken:

• Clear vegetation from beneath propane tanks
• Maintain a low density of fuels around the residence to provide additional time in the event of a fire
• The recommended spacing between trees and bushes in Zone 2 is at least 10 feet.

Fuel Breaks

Fuel breaks are strategically placed barriers that slow or stop the spread of wildfires. They are integral to wildfire prevention, as they regulate forest fuels and reduce fire intensity. Various fuel breaks exist, including:

• Shaded fuel breaks
• Brown strips
• Mowed fuel breaks
• Targeted grazed fuel breaks
• Mechanical treatments
• Manual treatments
• Chemical treatments
• Biological treatments
• Prescribed fire treatments

To create adequate fuel breaks, homeowners should:

• Prioritize assets and valued resources
• Treat or graze vegetative fuel breaks to manage excess litter and invasive plants
• Focus fuels reduction efforts in the Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) zone
• Consider factors such as suppression, weather, and fire behavior
• Establish shaded fuel breaks

A fuel break for residential properties typically ranges from 2 to 15 feet in width, depending on the type of forest, fuel loading, and the recommendations of a wildland fire fuels specialist or Area Forester.

Tree Maintenance

Regular tree maintenance in wildfire-prone areas can help prevent the spread of fire. Here are some steps you can take:

1. Prune and remove dead branches to reduce the risk of fire hazards.
2. Maintain proper spacing between trees to help mitigate the risk.
3. Remove debris and excess yard waste to prevent fire from spreading. Late winter, from mid-February through early March, is the ideal time for pruning trees for wildfire prevention. Trees are still dormant, allowing maximum growth and the chance to identify and address potential problem areas.

When it comes to pruning trees in Zone 1, the focus is on preventing the spread of fire through foliage or vegetation. Removing low-hanging branches, shrubs, and other vegetation is a way to reduce the risk of a wildfire reaching the tree canopy. This is an essential step in preemptively protecting trees from wildfires. Regular tree maintenance not only keeps your property safe but also contributes to the overall health of your trees.

Selecting Fire-Resistant Building Materials

Selecting fire-resistant building materials is pivotal in fire-resistant construction, shielding your home from wildfires. Materials such as:

• Metal
• Concrete
• Clay tiles
• Fiber cement siding
• Fire Treated Wood Siding
• Tempered glass
• Dual-pane windows
• Solid-core doors

Taking measures to interrupt a fire’s path can significantly reduce the risk of your home catching fire during a wildfire.

The following sections delve deeper into fire-resistant roofing materials, siding options, and window and door choices.

Roofing Materials

The choice of fire-resistant roofing materials is critical to diminishing the likelihood of your home catching fire during a wildfire. Some fire-resistant roofing materials include:

• Composition
• Metal
• Clay
• Tile

To ensure the protection of your home’s roof, it is advisable to regularly remove any combustible debris, such as dry leaves, moss, and trash, from the roof.

The fire-resistance ratings for different roofing materials are classified as follows:

• Class A: provides the highest level of fire resistance
• Class B: provides moderate fire resistance
• Class C: provides minimal fire resistance
• Unrated: does not have a specified fire-resistance rating

When selecting roofing materials, it is essential to consider local building codes and regulations. In addition, make sure to enclose eaves with fire-resistant materials to reduce the fire risk.

Siding Options

Choosing fire-resistant siding options can significantly shield your home’s exterior from wildfires. Fiber cement, stucco, and pre-treated wood are all fire-resistant siding options.

When selecting siding materials, connecting the siding from the foundation to the roof is essential to prevent the passage of flames and embers.

Pre-treating wood to make it fire-resistant involves applying a fire-retardant treatment to the wood surface or impregnating it into the wood.

At Montana Timber Products, we offer both options.

Material that gets our Fireline Pressure-Treated treatment goes through a certified pressure-treatment process and exceeds the most stringent fire suppression standards, such as building in areas designated by the Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) code.

We also offer an in-house Class A-Rated fire retardant treatment that reduces flame spread and smoke development. This specialized non-toxic formula is UL Greenguard Gold Certified with low VOC content and emissions. Once properly coated, dried, and cured into the wood substrate in our facility, it is permanent and never needs to be reapplied.

If you want to learn more about our fire treatment options for natural wood products, check out our website’s Fire Treatment for Wood page.

Protecting Vulnerable Home Features

Minimizing wildfire damage requires a focus on safeguarding vulnerable home features such as vents, rain gutters, and garages. In the following sections, we will discuss the importance of protecting ventilation and attic vents, rain gutters, roof debris, garages, and storage sheds.

Ventilation and Attic Vents

Installing metal mesh screens on ventilation and attic vents is essential for preventing embers from entering your home during a wildfire. For fire resistance, 1/8-inch or 1/16-inch wire mesh is recommended for metal mesh screens on ventilation and attic vents. Fiberglass or plastic mesh should be avoided as they can melt and burn.

To ensure proper installation of metal mesh screens on ventilation and attic vents, follow these steps:

1. Select a metal mesh screen with a maximum opening size of 1/8 inch.
2. Securely attach the metal mesh screen to the vents, including under-eave and soffit vents and exterior attic vents.
3. Consider using baffles in addition to the metal mesh screen for vents in eaves or cornices.
4. Ensure the metal mesh screen is firmly attached to the vents for maximum protection.

Rain Gutters and Roof Debris

Regularly cleaning rain gutters and removing roof debris is essential for reducing the risk of fire spreading to your home. It is advisable to clean gutters bi-annually, in the spring and autumn, to reduce the risk of fire effectively.

Some practical ways to remove combustible debris from rain gutters include:

• Utilizing a wet/dry vacuum with applicable accessories
• Manually clearing the gutters and flushing them with water
• Using a leaf blower
• Washing away small particles and dirt with a garden hose or pressure washer
• Performing regular gutter cleaning and upkeep.

Garage and Storage Sheds

Hardening your garage and storage sheds protects your property from wildfires. To do so, install weather stripping around garage doors, store flammable objects at a safe distance from the door, and cover windows and vents with metal mesh. Metal sheds and steel buildings are generally regarded as the most fire-resistant materials in garages and storage sheds.

To reduce fire risk, follow these guidelines:

• Store flammable objects at least 10 feet away from the garage or shed.
• Cover windows and vents in garages and sheds with 1/16-inch or 1/8-inch wire mesh.
• Avoid using fiberglass or plastic mesh, as they may melt and burn.

Ensuring Accessibility for Emergency Vehicles

It’s vital to your property’s safety and that of firefighters to ensure your driveway and access roads are wide enough and free from obstructions, allowing emergency vehicles to reach your home during a wildfire. The recommended width for driveways to ensure accessibility for emergency vehicles during wildfires is 28 feet, with a minimum vertical clearance of 14 feet. Having a visible address number is also beneficial to firefighters in locating your residence quickly.

To ensure clear passage for emergency vehicles, the following actions should be taken:

• Regular mowing and trimming of trees and bushes
• Removal of overgrown branches and vegetation that obstruct visibility
• Trimming back tree limbs and vegetation from sidewalks
• Removal of trees or plants near fire hydrants
• Creating spacing between shrubs and trees

Planning for Water Supply and Firefighting Equipment

Proactive planning is vital to safeguard your home in the event of a wildfire. Here are some steps you can take to be prepared:

1. Ensure you have an accessible water supply. This can include installing a water storage tank or connecting to a nearby water source.
2. Invest in firefighting equipment. Non-collapsible fabric fire hoses or hoses designed explicitly for firefighting purposes are the most suitable options for firefighting scenarios at home.
3. Consider acquiring equipment such as electric pumps, portable tanks, and wildland firefighting equipment like engines, water tenders, dozers, and caterers.

By taking these steps, you can increase your readiness and protect your home from a wildfire.

It is also essential for homeowners to have emergency kits with items like:

• water
• food
• flashlights
• batteries
• first-aid supplies
• prescription drugs
• clothing

Consult with local fire departments or fire safety experts to determine the amount of water needed to extinguish a fire in your specific building during the pre-planning stage.

Complying with Building Codes and Standards

Adherence to local building codes and standards is crucial in optimizing your home’s fire resistance. The relevant building codes and standards for fire resistance include the NFPA Codes and Standards, the International Building Code (IBC), and Fire Prevention and Safety Codes. These codes and standards are in place to ensure people’s safety and the public’s welfare by regulating design, construction practices, and the quality of construction materials.

Building codes and standards for fire resistance can vary regionally, considering factors such as climate, local building materials, and historical fire incidents.

Therefore, it is essential to refer to the specific building codes and standards of the region where the construction occurs to guarantee compliance with local fire resistance regulations.

Summary

In conclusion, fireproofing and implementing home hardening techniques are essential to protecting your property from the devastating effects of wildfires.

By assessing your home’s wildfire risk, creating a fire-resistant landscape, selecting fire-resistant building materials, protecting vulnerable home features, ensuring accessibility for emergency vehicles, planning for water supply and firefighting equipment, and complying with building codes and standards, you can significantly reduce the risk of your home catching fire during a wildfire.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can you completely fireproof a house?

It is not possible to completely fireproof a house, but by using fire-resistant or fire-retardant building materials, you can reduce the danger of fire threatening your property.

What is the difference between fireproof and fire-resistant?

Fireproofing and fire resistance are not the same, as fireproofing involves protecting the material from combusting, while fire resistance entails protecting the material from the effects of fire, such as heat and smoke. Knowing the difference is crucial for safeguarding homes or businesses from fires.

What are the key steps involved in fire hardening a home?

Critical steps for fire hardening involve assessing the wildfire risk, creating a fire-resistant landscape, selecting fire-resistant building materials, protecting vulnerable home features, ensuring accessibility for emergency vehicles, planning for water supply and firefighting equipment, and complying with relevant building codes and standards.

Wildfires have become all too common in recent years, wreaking havoc on communities and the environment. As a result, we need effective wildfire management now more than ever, especially in areas where human development intersects with wildland vegetation. So, how can we safeguard our communities from the constant wildfire threat? The answer lies in understanding the Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) and implementing strategies to reduce fire risks in these areas.

In this article, we’ll explore the concept of the WUI, discuss the factors contributing to its growth, and delve into strategies for minimizing fire risks in these vulnerable regions. We’ll also share inspiring case studies showcasing successful WUI fire management efforts, highlighting the power of community collaboration and innovative technology solutions in mitigating wildfire threats.

Summary

• Understanding the Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) is crucial for protecting communities from wildfire risks.
• Strategies for reducing fire risk in WUI areas include Community Wildfire Protection Plans, fire-adapted communities, and building and landscaping guidelines.
• Successful WUI management necessitates community collaboration and the utilization of innovative technology solutions like alerting systems, drones, robots, and satellites.

Understanding the Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI)

The Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) is a critical area where human development and wildland vegetation coexist, creating a higher risk of devastating wildfires. With population growth and climate change exacerbating wildfire risks, comprehending the WUI and implementing protective strategies are paramount to safeguarding communities and the environment.

To achieve this, we must grasp the dynamics of the WUI, including the landscape’s physical characteristics, vegetation types, human activities, and potential climate change impacts.

Defining the WUI

The WUI refers to areas where residential development is near trees or dense vegetation, which pose a higher risk of wildfires. Experts primarily assess vegetation cover and housing proximity to determine the WUI threshold.

Recognizing and acknowledging wildfire risk assessment in WUI areas is the first step toward addressing the risks and implementing effective management strategies.

Factors Contributing to WUI Growth

WUI expansion primarily stems from housing growth, with vegetation increases playing a secondary role. Other contributing factors include rising housing costs, climate change, reduced land management practices, and relaxed housing regulations.

For instance, according to PNAS, from 1990 to 2010, areas classified as wildland-urban interfaces in the United States saw significant growth in the number of new houses (41% increase) and the land area (33% increase). As WUI areas continue to expand, it becomes crucial to tackle the challenges associated with this growth to mitigate fire risks.

Mapping and Assessing WUI Areas

Mapping and assessing WUI areas are vital for understanding wildfire risks and developing strategies to minimize them. High-resolution maps, created using remote sensing data, enable a detailed analysis of vegetation density, cover, and housing proximity to dense vegetation.

Accurate mapping and assessment empower communities and policymakers to comprehend and effectively address the unique challenges of WUI areas.

Strategies for Reducing Fire Risks in WUI Areas

Several strategies can be employed to reduce fire risks in WUI areas, including creating Community Wildfire Protection Plans (CWPPs), fostering fire-adapted communities, utilizing fire suppression techniques, and implementing building and landscaping guidelines.

These approaches enhance community resilience against wildfires and minimize potential losses.

Community Wildfire Protection Plans

A Community Wildfire Protection Plan (CWPP) is a document that outlines strategies to mitigate wildfire risk in a specific area. It includes information on the local environment, fire history, and potential fire hazards. The primary objective of a CWPP is to assist communities in becoming fire-adapted and reducing fire risks.

Training is crucial in developing a successful CWPP as it equips community members with the knowledge and tools to address wildfire risks effectively. CWPPs promote collaboration and shared responsibility for wildfire prevention and response by actively involving the community in the planning process.

Fire-Adapted Communities

A fire-adapted community recognizes the higher risk of wildfires and takes proactive steps to mitigate those risks, thereby reducing the likelihood of loss. Fire-adapted communities are better prepared to respond to and recover from wildfires.

To create a fire-adapted community, measures such as developing a CWPP, adhering to building and landscaping guidelines that prioritize fire resistance, and fostering community collaboration on wildfire safety are crucial. Successful examples of fire-adapted communities, such as the City of Flagstaff in Arizona and the City of Santa Rosa in California, demonstrate the positive impact of community-driven initiatives.

Building and Landscaping Guidelines

Implementing building and landscaping guidelines tailored to the specific needs of WUI areas is essential for reducing the risk of wildfires. These guidelines may include using construction methods that minimize the risk of building ignition, creating defensible spaces by clearing vegetation, maintaining adequate distances between structures and flammable materials, and selecting fire-resistant plant species.

Choosing plants based on their fire resistance, climate suitability, irrigation needs and utilizing noncombustible materials for landscaping and mulch further reduces fire risks.

For instance, Fireline is a pressure-treated fire treatment that we offer is fully WUI and International WUI compliant and allows you to use natural wood on the exterior of your house, while still having the peace of mind that your structure is protected.

By implementing these strategies, communities can enhance their resilience against wildfires and create safer living environments in the wildland-urban interface.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is meant by the wildland urban interface?

The wildland-urban interface (WUI) refers to the areas where human development and wildland vegetation meet or overlap. It represents the boundary between built environments, such as cities, towns, and rural areas, and nearby natural habitats. As a result, the WUI can be a source of both natural resources and potential hazards, such as increased wildfire risk.

Why is the wildland-urban interface a major challenge for firefighters?

The wildland-urban interface presents a significant challenge for firefighters due to the proximity of populated areas, increasing the risk of property damage and civilian injuries. Additionally, hazardous materials often used near homes and limited access to the fire zone can pose significant dangers to first responders, making firefighting operations in the WUI complex and demanding.

What is a wildland urban interface area within Colorado?

In Colorado, the wildland-urban interface (WUI) refers to the areas where human development and forested or wildland vegetation intersect. These areas are crucial in maintaining healthy forests and reducing the risk of wildfire damage to people and property. In addition, creating fire-resistant landscapes throughout the WUI region helps mitigate the risk of wildfires and protect the environment.

What does WUI mean in construction?

In construction, the term Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) refers to areas where built-up urban environments meet undeveloped wildlands. It designates the transition area between these two environments, providing a buffer zone that helps reduce risks associated with wildfires and other potential hazards. The concept of the WUI is crucial in construction to protect both urban and wildland areas and minimize the risk of wildfires spreading into populated regions.

Wood brings unmatched natural beauty and versatility to homes, commercial buildings, and outdoor spaces. However, its inherent flammability makes fire protection a priority for property owners and builders. A common and critical question is: ‘Is pressure treated wood fire resistant?’ It’s vital to understand that while standard pressure-treated wood offers resistance to rot and insects, it is not inherently fire-retardant and remains combustible. Understanding the latest fire-retardant wood treatments and certification options is crucial for both safety and code compliance. This article will discuss the differences between these two treatments, their benefits, and their compliance with Class A Fire Rating and Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) regulations.

Benefits of Utilizing a Fire Treatment

1. Enhanced safety: Reduces flame spread and smoke development.
2. Code compliance: Meets requirements for Class A Fire Rating and Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) standards.
3. Durability: Treatments improve wood’s resistance to fire and weathering.
4. Aesthetics: Maintains the organic look and feel of genuine wood.

What Are The Fire Rating Classifications?

The following is a basic overview of the fire rating classifications. The index values measure how fast and how far flame will spread over a certain material. Selecting the right fire-retardant product depends on fire rating requirements and local building codes. The ASTM E-84 (Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics) is commonly used to certify building products.

Class A (or Class 1) Fire Rating

The best fire resistance with the slowest flame spread index between 0-25.

Class B (or Class 2) Fire Rating

Moderate fire resistance with the flame spread index between 26-75.

Class C (or Class 3) Fire Rating

Meets minimum standard with the flame spread index between 76-200.

Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) Compliance

In wildfire-prone regions, meeting Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) standards is crucial. As defined by the U.S. Fire Administration, the WUI is:

“The zone of transition between unoccupied land and human development. It is the line, area or zone where structures and other human development meet or intermingle with undeveloped wildland or vegetative fuels.”

To achieve both a Class A rating and WUI compliance, materials must be ignition resistant, capable of resisting ignition from flying embers or radiant heat during a wildfire.

Pressure-Treated Fire Retardant (FRTW)

Unlike standard pressure-treated wood that protects against decay, pressure-treated fire retardant involves placing the wood in a high-pressure vessel where specific fire-retardant chemicals are forced deep into the wood fibers.. This deep-penetration method results in excellent, long-lasting protection against fire, rot, and insects.

Advantages:

• Achieves and maintains Class A fire rating
• Often required for WUI compliance
• Durable and well-suited for demanding climates and high-risk zones

Considerations:

• Typically more expensive than other methods
• May slightly alter wood color, making it a shade or two darker

Is “Pressure-Treated” the Same as Fire-Treated?

Note, the use of pressure is a part of this fire retardant application process; but, “pressure-treating” wood doesn’t necessarily make it a non-combustible material. For instance, the “pressure-treated” wood at your local lumber yard might have a higher resistance to rot and decay; but, it doesn’t mean it was additionally treated for fire resistance.

Topical Fire Treatment

A fire-retardant coating is applied to the surface, typically sprayed to the wood after milling but before finishing and installation. This surface barrier slows ignition and flame spread.

Advantages:

• Cost-effective solution for projects requiring only Class A certification
• Minimal visual impact—any color change is usually subtle, depending on stain and wood species
• Can be applied in-house, possibly shortening lead times

Considerations:

• Not always suitable for WUI compliance; check with local authorities
• May require reapplication if finish is sanded or removed

Will Fire Treatments Affect The Look Of Wood Siding?

Pressure treatment and spray-applied methods may both result in slight color changes. Pressure-treated wood is often a shade darker, while topical treatments can create very subtle shifts, especially with lighter stains. Always request finished samples for final approval and visual consistency.

Which Fire Retardant Solution is Best For You?

Your optimal fire-retardant wood treatment depends on:

1. Project location: WUI requirements vs. standard Class A compliance
2. Budget: Pressure treatment is generally pricier than spray-applied
3. Aesthetic preferences: Review control samples to assess any finish variations
4. Timeline: Onsite spray treatments may offer shorter lead times

While eliminating wildfires is not possible, there are viable options, while still using a renewable product like natural wood to help protect your property. Home hardening, which includes implementing fire-resistant exteriors and defensible spaces around structures, is a great first plan of action.